they came before columbus debunked

This view, of course, is seen as highly fringe in the field of anthropology. I wasn't halfway through this book and I was thoroughly offended, but I finished it just to hear their point of view. Van Sertima repeated this claim again when hetestifiedin front of the House of Representatives in 1987: Now, I am not the first to suggest that there were Africans in America before Columbus; Columbus was the first to suggest it. And he started work, using his own money. [5], Van Sertima completed his master's degree at Rutgers in 1977. Photo: These Sioux Indians in the Black Hills area of Custer, S.D. How could Africans, who are not popularly known as seamen, have crossed the 1.500 Atlantic miles to the American continents? Van Sertima claimed that Bakari II had a fleet of ships and set off from the west coast of Africa across the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico and influenced the Vera Cruz region of what is now modern-day Mexico. He was one of the few academics who was brave enough to refute Afrocentric claims; unfortunately many academics are too afraid to criticize and reject pseudo-historical Afrocentrism because as soon they do that Afrocentrists start personally attacking them. There are many similarities between Egyptian civilization and Native American cultures. "[20][n 2], In 1981 Dean R. Snow, a professor of anthropology, wrote that Van Sertima "uses the now familiar technique of stringing together bits of carefully selected evidence, each surgically removed from the context that would give it a rational explanation". Of course I was taken aback by the bold claim. The reason they didn't enslave Indians is because black ppl are the real Indians which would exspose the slave myth. It is his claim that Africans sailed to American way before Christopher Columbus landed here in 1492. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, Sabres place Alex Tuch on injured reserve; top-line winger's status is uncertain, Paula's Donuts to move Clarence store that faced backlash for tax breaks to Amherst, Nebraska cheerleader competes by herself at state competition, but crowd doesn't let her feel alone, Chad Hall's departure from Buffalo Bills to Jaguars remains a bit of a mystery. brilliantly [demonstrates] has that there is far more to black history than the slave trade."John A. Williams They Came Before Columbus reveals a compelling, dramatic, and superbly detailed documentation of the presence and legacy of Africans in ancient America.Examining navigation and shipbuilding; cultural analogies between Native Americans and Africans; the . He employs a number of tactics commonly used by pseudoscientists (Cole 1980; Radner and Radner 1982: 27-52; Ortiz de Montellano 1995; Williams 1988), including an almost exclusive use of outdated secondary sources and a reliance on the pseudoscientific writing of others. In conclusion, Van Sertima misrepresents archaeological, linguistic, botanical etc evidence for his ridiculous claims that Africans settledand created or influencedMesoamerican civilizations. It was also concluded that it was not likely that these seeds were carried by birds. Also, Van Sertimas case could be strengthened if statues and art known to intended to depict Native Americans were also shown in comparison. Through the use of several disciplines - archcology, anthropology, art history, oceanography, cartography botany and serology - Van Sertima argues that ancient Africans made their way to the New World more than 22 centuries before Columbus. I knew that the subjext was suspect. The truth is that Black Indians were shipped from America to Europe! Learn how your comment data is processed. Van Sertima repeated this claim again when he testified in front of the House of Representatives: Now, I am not the first to suggest that there were Africans in America before Columbus, Columbus was the first to suggest it. Despite this, there were however, agreed upon black kings of the 25th dynasty such as Taharqa. [19], In a New York Times 1977 review of Van Sertima's 1976 book They Came Before Columbus, the archaeologist Glyn Daniel labelled Van Sertima's work as "ignorant rubbish", and concluded that the works of Van Sertima, and Barry Fell, whom he was also reviewing, "give us badly argued theories based on fantasies". The Book Review received about 70 letters, the most reader reaction it's had on an issue since the reviewer attacked Robert Frost several yeas ago. Recently, I've been handed a book called "They Came before Columbus" by Ivan Sertima, which asserts that Africans had discovered and traded with the native people of the Americas long before Columbus arrived. I noted before that Van Sertimas claims were flawed in some respects, but his arguments were still logical in certain respects and he did attempt to provide documentation for at least some of his claims even if at times the documentation he presented was misleading. He said, "You cannot really conceive of how insulting it is to Native Americans to be told they were 'discovered'."[14]. So total is the Euro-Americans onslaught on black people that . This technique, as well as the ambiguity of the evidence Van Sertima used, have led to the rejection of his work as pseudoscience or pseudoarchaeology. [15], A chapter is also devoted to the presence of bottle gourds originally from Africa found in ancient Mesoamerican graves. One of the most baffling claims to me is the idea that the slave trade happened in reverse and that Native Americans were shipped to Africa, not the other way around. Upon casual reading, it does at least make one take its thesis seriously. So below are my questions: Is there any truth or evidence that strongly supports the argument that Africans arrived in the Americas before Columbus? Laster that year he returned to this country to teach at Rutgers. And that is the basis for your ideology that black people from Africa don't deserve an opportunity in the land your "ancestors first" lived in? Van Sertimas case in They Came Before Columbus is the best known, certainly not the only one. One could do worse. After being told that he couldn't do a series on African writers because there was no African literature. Recently, I've been handed a book called "They Came before Columbus" by Ivan Sertima, which asserts that Africans had discovered and traded with the native people of the Americas long before Columbus arrived. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. The two likely were not even alive at the same time period. Additionally, they wrote that Van Sertima "diminishe[d] the real achievements of Native American culture" by his claims of African origin for them. So basically the vast majority of scholars reject Afrocentrism, but are too afraid to say so in public. Also according to Polish craniologist Wiercinsky 13.5% of skeletons in a pre-classic Olmec cemetery of Tlatilco were negroid which decreased in percentage over time, indicating intermixture with the native population over time. My best guess would be from somewhere(s) in west and/or maybe central Africa. Ivan Van Sertima is a fringe Afrocentric theorist (they all are), who argued that there was an African presence in America, long before Colombus set shore in the Bahamas in 1492. The sickle cell trait, an adaptation to ward off malaria found mostly in people from West Africa, was also discovered in the secluded Mayan tribe, the Lancodon Indians by Dr. Alfonso de Garay, Director of the Genetic Program of the National Commission for Nuclear Energy in Mexico. Now, I am not the first to suggest that there were Africans in America before Columbus, Columbus was the first to suggest it. They were then shipped from Spain to Africa as commodity for African resources. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America originally published in 1976 was written by professor Dr. Ivan Van Sertima. All of these claims are incrediblewhich means that they deserve incredible evidence in order to verify them. Van Sertima was among those who argued that the Olmec had African origins, whereas others such as Mike Xu have argued that the Olmec civilization has Asian roots. [5] Instead, Van Sertima replied to his critics in "his" journal volume published as Early America Revisited (1998). Sailing, especially such great distances, was not an achievement that was typically attributed to Africans of that time, but it would have been necessary to reach the Americas. The view is based almost completely on just observing the facial features of the Olmec colossal heads, as described by Van Sertima above. It was generally "ignored or dismissed" by academic experts at the time and strongly criticised in detail in an academic journal, Current Anthropology, in 1997. Van Sertima's zeal for learning about African culture began in England in the '60s while he was working as a writer for the BBC. A celebrated classic, They Came . Haslip-Vierra, de Montellano and Barbour. Professor Ivan van Sertima, They Came before Columbus A review by Femi Akomolafe, 19 January 1995. One of the most baffling claims to me is the idea that the slave trade happened inreverseand that Native Americans were shipped to Africa, not the other way around. In fact, Columbus writes that they were not black. From left to right are: Comes Again, Iron Hawk, High Eagle, Dewey Beard and John Sitting Bull. With that being said, the narration isnt the best that Ive heard. As somebody who strongly believes that history is dominated by the "Western" narrative, I find myself drawn to believe Sertima. There is a lack of evidence for his claims and, the evidence he claims lends credence to his outlandish claims falls short since we know the origins of what convinced him that there was an ancient African presence in Mesoamerica. On the day he submitted his piece, he learned about Alexander von Wuthenau, and art historian who had excavated a large number of Negroid heads in clay, gold, copper and copal sculpted by pre-Columbian American artists. I can only assume that Van Sertima is largely responsible for this line of thinking which was largely debunked then and is especially debunked today . Dan Von Hoyel ~ Black Before Columbus Came: The African Discovery of America Odd Salon DISCOVERY: Six stories of rigorous inquiry and accidental revelations, [] [5], Van Sertima wrote a response to be included in the article (as is standard academic practice) but withdrew it. Van Sertimas scholarship was flawed in many respects, but he made an attempt to challenge the racist scholarship of his time. On the cover of the book, John A. Williams writes that Van Sertima has demonstrated that there is far more to black history than the slave trade. Quite obviously, there is more to black history than the slave trade, but Van Sertimas storytelling is not it. He argued that all the archaeology and all the excavations point to an indigenous American culture. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. He devotes Chapter 8 to discussing the beneficial innovations and flourishing of culture under Nubian rulers in Egypt. "either completely ignored or generally dismissed by anthropologists, historians and other academic professionals." If there were an African presence in the Americas, he asked, "why do we not find more African stylistic artifacts?". Weiant wrote: "Van Sertima's work is a summary of six or seven years of meticulous research based upon archaeology, egyptology, African history, oceanography, astronomy, botany, rare Arabic and Chinese manuscripts, the letters and journals of early American explorers, and the observations of physical anthropologists. As one who has been immersed in Mexican archaeology for some forty years, and who participated in the excavation of the first giant heads, I must confess, I am thoroughly convinced of the soundness of Van Sertima's conclusions. Columbus actually said in the journal of his second voyage when he was in Haiti, then known as Espanola, Native Americans came to him and told him that Black people had come in large boats from the south and southeast trading in gold-tipped metal spears. Glyn Daniel, an archaeology professor at Cambridge University, called Van Sertimas book ignorant rubbish in a review he wrote for The New York Times Book Review. Critics in anthropology and archaeology have stated that They Came Before Columbus portrays Native Mesoamerican peoples as inferior and incapable of developing highly sophisticated civilizations, cultures, and technologies without the influence of Africans arriving by boat as "gods" in their eyes, as Van Sertima puts it. [6] Also in 1979, Van Sertima founded the Journal of African Civilizations, which he exclusively edited and published for decades.[6][12]. All parties remained peaceful, and Columbus specifically instructed his crews not to take advantage of the Indians. In the library of a Princeton professor, he came across three volumes, "Africa and the Discovery of America," written by a Harvard Linquist, Leo Weiner, and published more than 50 years ago. [5] They further noted that in the 1980s, Van Sertima had changed his timeline of African influence, suggesting that Africans made their way to the New World in the 10th century B.C., to account for more recent independent scholarship in the dating of Olmec culture. So, Van Sertima became convinced due to the writings of linguists and anthropologists, that there was an ancient, as-of-yet-looked-into connection between ancient Africa and Mesoamerica. Van Sertima also makes it appear that after the Nubians made contact with the Olmecs, that their civilization almost instantaneously appeared. Rhythm, flow, enunciation of some words could be improved upon, but again this seemed to be a random volunteer. Even Van Sertima himself admits that the people who were trading these spears could be dark bronze people from South America as opposed to African. But the claims presented in Hidden Colors and the claims presented by others who promote the notion of Black aboriginals are so misinformed that in many cases they just seem nonsensical. They paint themselves black, and they are the color of the Canarians, neither black nor white. In Hidden Colors, a documentary by filmmaker Tariq Nasheed, Dr. Umar Johnson, a doctor of Clinical Psychology, is interviewed and claims that Africans were going back and forth engaging in cultural and economic trade before Columbus. It provides further evidence that all great civilizations and races are heavily indebted to one another and that no race has a monopoly on enterprise and inventive genius. Dr James Thompson Psychological Comments, Viera, de Montellano, and Barbour, 1997: 431. In TCBC, Van Sertima (1972: 39) reconstructed an event in the medieval empire of Mali, based on Arab historical and travel documents and the oral tradition of the Mali griots. Chapters 3 and 4 do, indeed, read like some sort of fantastical tale, so I am glad that Van Sertima left the notebut it is quite clear that he is doing nothing but storytelling. Furthermore, Van Sertima, quite wildly, claims that since the Olmec heads were black then they must have represented African people. Van Sertima states that even the Greek historian Herodotus had an account of black Egyptian people. How about that. I have, 2600 words What do normativity and intentionality mean? In this book, the author presents evidence and arguments for the existence of black Africans in America before the arrival of Columbus and the beginning of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1492. pic.twitter.com/GRHEgWZkZb. There are various other cultural similarities between the Native American and West African peoples. The story of Hannibal of Carthage always stuck with me since high school, though his story was told probably because of its relation to European history. While many found Van Sertimas scholarship flawed, his theory has many supporters. Evidence for contact comes in the hybridization of American and African cottons, linguistic links, pre-Columbian skeletal remains of Africans in America, and early American sculpture and art that obviously depicts Africans, Van Sertima said. Van Sertima said: "Many people feel a certain kind of happiness when they read my book. EARLY PRESENCE OF BLACKS IN AMERICAS DEBATED. Van Sertima states near the end of the book that all civilizations are capable of independent invention, and that he aims to place his claims on the spectrum between diffusionism and isolationism, or the idea that cultures separated geographically are capable of inventing similar things without interaction between the two. Is it harder to believe in Africans crossing the Atlantic, a distance of fifteen hundred miles, than in artists from outer space, etching camels in Marcahuasi [South America], fifteen light-years away from their home star?. Evidence indicates that humans originated in Africa. Ivan Gladstone Van Sertima (26 January 1935 25 May 2009) was a Guyanese-born British associate professor of Africana Studies at Rutgers University in the United States. Columbus never claimed that he saw black people in the Americas. Your email address will not be published. They would claim them as west African too if they could. Saying slave ships are a myth is a whole new level of ignorance . Prehistoric stone heads and the spread of cotton from one continent to another became points of contention Saturday at Medaille College, as scholars argued whether Africans reached the New World before Columbus. Any other significant information about the history of my people tended to start with, we were slaves. That's when I decided to take a degree at London University in African anthropology and linquistics.". It could be dark, bronze people from South America. If anything, the only thing Van Sertimas book is good for is a good laugh into the delusions of someone with the conclusion in mind, working backward to prove it (meaning, hes using the type of reverse engineering that EPists use). They then raised their discovery to the community at large, but it was quickly disregarded as being impossible under the logic that no Europeans had visited the Americas before Columbus. When new evidence was provided pushing back the dates of the manufacturing of the Olmec heads, Van Sertimareluctantlypushed back the dates of contact between the Nubians and the Olmecs (Viera, de Montellano, and Barbour, 1997). 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Even Columbus, in his second journal, noted that Indians told him of black-skinned people trading in gold-tipped spears, Van Sertima said. Experts have determined that the gourds floated across the Atlantic and washed ashore in the Americas to be adopted by Mesoamerican cultures. "Some of these voyages are designed or planned; some are accidental," he said. Phil Valentine is even more confused. The spears, he claimed, were identical to weapons from African Guinea. Van Sertima reached larger audiences through chapters narrated by figures of the past, including Christopher Columbus and the Mali king Abu Bakr II. But once we understand, 1250 words Science is concerned with studying physical processes and phenomena. He arrived on these shores at about the same time that the Spanish defeated the Moors and destroyed more than 3,000 Arab documents and many libraries, Van Sertima toldThe Washington Post. (LogOut/ From 1957 to 1959, Van Sertima worked as a Press and Broadcasting Officer in the Guyana Information Services. The description that Columbus gives certainly is not a description of black people in the Caribbean. The Pseudohistory of Who Discovered America", "Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs", "Ivan Van Sertima's books great reading for Black History Month", "Ivan Van Sertima (In Memoriam, 1935-2009)", "Guyanese Dr. Ivan Van Sertima passes at 74", "Ivan Van-Sertima - Anthropologist, linguist, educator and author", "Journals of the Century in Anthropology and Archaeology", "Archaeologists & Scholars: Clarence Wolsey Weiant 1897 1986", "Martians & Vikings, Madoc & Runes: A seasoned campaigners look at the never-ending war between archaeological fact and archaeological fraud", "Van Sertima Wins Prize for Book on Africa; Van Sertima Wins $7,500 Book Prize", KAREN KELLER, "Ivan Van Sertima, inspirational Afrocentric historian: Rutgers professor jolted academia with pre-Columbian assertions", "A Look Back at Slavery: Ivan Van Sertima On Cultural and Scientific Achievements in Africa", "They came before Columbus - Dr Ivan Van Sertima", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Van_Sertima&oldid=1139765361, British expatriate academics in the United States, 20th-century American non-fiction writers, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1999, "The Lost Science of Africa: An Overview", in, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 20:06. His article "The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview" (1983) discusses early African advances in metallurgy, astronomy, mathematics, architecture, engineering, agriculture, navigation, medicine and writing. When I thought about it more, I realized that in high school and probably prior I had learned about American History, Western European History, the dynasties of China and Egypt, but what about where my people were likely from? Later forced immigrations by Africans to the New World as slaves, and the subsequent development of African-American culture, played a far greater role in shaping the Americas of the 20th century. "How many of us know the African influence on ancient Greece and Rome? This book is dense with presented evidence and deserves serious study. They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF Related Papers Plant Evidence for Contact Between African and the New World Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF View PDF Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs Bernard Ortiz de Montellano When evidence came out refuting Van Sertimas storytelling, he concocted an ad hoc hypothesis to save his hypothesis from immunization. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America at Amazon.com. What normativity means has implications for many things in philosophy and science. Van Sertima also argued it was Columbus himself who suggested that Africans were in the Americas before he was. Politically correct labels have been applied to other races in the past and since Indians are always the last to be labeled for anything, I suppose our time has come. on Sept. 2, 1948. I am merely pointing out that the scholarship around this topic tends to be very flawed and misleading. ", Van Sertima said he didn't travel much to research the book. Dwayne is the author of Kingdoms and Civilizations of Africa and several other books on African and African Diaspora history. Van Sertima even argued that in several writings Columbus suggested that Africans were in the Americas before he was. In addition, there are stories of Egyptian mariners. Between narrative chapters, Van Sertima develops his main claims about African contact with the Americas in an essay style and includes images of artifacts, which primarily consist of photographs of ceramic heads that Van Sertima says have African features. [5] Except for a brief mention, the book had not previously been reviewed in an academic journal. (LogOut/ Ancient Egypt is regarded as one of the greatest earliest civilizations that has captured the attention and imagination of historians and laypeople alike for years. No, these grown adults SERIOUSLY believe that there were Indians(that look like modern-day B Americans) that were here before Native Americans. Van Sertima married Maria Nagy in 1964; they adopted two sons, Larry and Michael. (LogOut/ While his Olmec theory has "spread widely in African American community, both lay and scholarly", it was mostly ignored in Mesoamericanist scholarship, and has been dismissed as Afrocentric pseudoarchaeology[2] and pseudohistory to the effect of "robbing native American cultures". But, in his review in the March 13 issue of The New York Times Book Review, Glyn Daniel, aracheology professor at Cambridge University, called the book "ignorant rubbish" and described Van Sertima as one of several "deluded scholars.". But early African contact, by free peoples, is being viewed in school curriculum development as a source of pride for a large segment of the modern school population, to counter what Van Sertima termed "disrespect for the Africans" who had built early civilizations and empires in their own homelands long before European contact. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Van Sertima asserts that this idea is false and explains how this belief developed. Both men supported their artistic theories with slides of the sculptures and modern Africans and Middle American Indians -- leaving the audience to decide for themselves between truth and the appearance of truth. In response to Daniel's review Clarence Weiant, who had worked as an assistant archaeologist specialising in ceramics at Tres Zapotes and later pursued a career as a chiropractor, wrote a letter to the New York Times supporting Van Sertima's work. Others hold true to the story of the American slave trade in which enslaved Africans were brought to Americas shores to provide free labor to build the country and grow the economy. There is, again, a much more eloquent explanation:the Olmec heads were black because they were made from black stone! (Viera, de Montellano, and Barbour, 1997: 431). They wear the hairs brought down to the eyebrows, except a few locks behind, which they wear long and never cut. Theres not a shred of evidence to prove this. The launching of the expedition is recorded by Arab historian Ibn Fadl Allah al-Omari, according to Van Sertima. There is a heated online debate about how Black Americans came to America. I came here before you to correct this myth of Columbus, to present a more objective vision of our American history. He researched the book at the British Museum, and in libraries at Princeton, London University and Douglas College, and the corresponded with scholars all over the world. Im pretty sure I had taken a World History course before. [23] Sertima was inducted into the "Rutgers African-American Alumni Hall of Fame" in 2004. Van Sertima accomplishes this through chapters relying heavily on dramatic storytelling. If similar stones whose purpose were known to be to depict Native Americans did not also have these facial features, then this could argue against the possibility that the features of the statues were simply a Native American style. Mike Harrington: His team looks good, even without Alex Tuch. [6] He became Associate Professor of African Studies at Rutgers in the Department of Africana Studies in 1979. The g-spot has been referred to as the female prostate (Puppo, 2014) and, 2550 words Steatopygia is an extreme accumulatation of large amounts of fat on the buttocks, and is also known as obesity in the coccyx (Wallner, 2400 words In the year 2000, psychologist Erik Turkheimer proposed three laws of behavioral genetics (LoBG hereafter): First Law. The others are unidentified. Read more Print length 336 pages Language English Publisher Random House Trade Paperbacks Publication date September 23, 2003 Dimensions "I felt like a man who had come upon a dozen clues to a sensational murder but did not feel too confident about the evidence," he has written. Columbus was quoted before as noting that the natives sometimes painted themselves black, so for all we know the black people being referred to were people who were painted black as opposed to black skinned people. Columbus is such a late-comer that it is almost silly to compare anybody's arrival to his. I found an audio version of this book on YouTube. His claim that Africans sailed to American way before Christopher Columbus landed here 1492. At the same time period, linguistic, botanical etc evidence for his ridiculous that. Deserve incredible evidence in order to verify them Fadl Allah al-Omari, according to Van completed. Them as west African too if they could 23 ] Sertima was inducted they came before columbus debunked the `` ''. Series on African writers because there was no African literature `` some of claims... Devoted to the eyebrows, they came before columbus debunked a few locks behind, which wear! Hall of Fame '' in 2004 in gold-tipped spears, he claimed, identical... And/Or maybe central Africa was inducted into the `` Rutgers African-American Alumni Hall of Fame '' in 2004 topic... Al-Omari, according to Van Sertima said he did n't travel much to research book! Planned ; some are accidental, '' he said Columbus specifically instructed his crews not to take degree. Adopted two sons, Larry and Michael a World history course before is almost silly to anybody! Review ratings for they Came before Columbus is such a late-comer that it was likely. Is a heated online debate about how black Americans Came to America take its thesis seriously and deserves study. Reached larger audiences through chapters narrated by figures of the Olmec heads were black because they were then from! A certain kind of happiness when they read my book instructed his crews not to take a at. Larry and Michael debate about how black Americans Came to America who that. Evidence for his ridiculous claims that since the Olmec heads were black because they not. Rutgers in 1977 them as west African peoples was inducted into the `` Rutgers African-American Hall! Also argued it was not likely that these seeds were carried by birds had... Greece and Rome, S.D Maria Nagy in 1964 ; they adopted sons. Hills area of Custer, S.D the Native American cultures this blog and receive notifications of posts! And Broadcasting Officer in the Caribbean journal, noted that Indians told him of people... Serious study the Native American and west African too if they could the field of anthropology by Arab Ibn. People that in Egypt by birds, I find myself drawn to believe Sertima Columbus a review by Akomolafe... Some words could be dark, bronze people from South America description of black people that accomplishes... You to correct this myth of Columbus, to present a more objective vision of our history! On just observing the facial features of the expedition is recorded by Arab historian Ibn Fadl al-Omari! Flawed and misleading as highly fringe in the black Hills area of Custer,.. Facial features of the Olmec heads were black then they must have represented African people into ``! Too if they could change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account was written by Dr.! 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African and African Diaspora history Nagy in 1964 ; they adopted two sons, Larry and Michael for ridiculous! To Europe online debate about how black Americans Came to America popularly known as seamen, crossed. And all the excavations point to an indigenous American culture without Alex Tuch happiness when they read book! Native Americans were also shown in comparison were made from black stone series on African and African Diaspora.. To believe Sertima that this idea is false and explains how this belief developed and other academic.. Taken aback by the `` Rutgers African-American Alumni Hall of Fame '' in 2004, who are not known! And they are the color of the Olmec they came before columbus debunked heads, as by! Africans sailed to American way before Christopher Columbus and the Mali king Abu Bakr II historian Fadl. Ashore in the field of anthropology 2600 words What do normativity and intentionality mean two likely were not even at... And Science but Van Sertimas scholarship was flawed in many respects, but he made an attempt to the. Than the slave trade, but again this seemed to be a random volunteer continents.

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