expansion ratio of water to steam

In the case of wet steam, the actual entropy can be calculated with the vapor quality, x, and the specific entropies of saturated liquid water and dry steam: s 4 = s v x + (1 - x ) s l where. And of course if there is an expansion tank in the system the pressure increase will be controlled so as not to cause leaking at the TPR valve. Contents: Conditions of Steam Properties of Steam Steam Tables Internal Energy and . Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. Thermal expansion in hot water systems: This article defines thermal expansion in water equipment in response to temperature, and explains the concomitant increase in system pressure. Where does the sun strike the most directly? btu/lbm kJ/kg/K. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". You can work out the volume at 100C (373K) using Charles' Law, and then calculate the density of steam at 100C. Why any object floats or sinks:If the total volume of water displaced by any object (if that object could be pushed totally under water) has more mass than the object itself has, then that object will float with at least some part of its shape above the top level of water. r = volume expansion ratio within the cylinder. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. At THERMAL EXPANSION TPR VALVE LEAKS we explain how normal thermal expansion in a hot water system can cause pressure & temperature relief valve leaks that in turn can lead to valve failure and a dangerous risk of a BLEVE. Hi Campbellbrown, Since steam is a gas, and gases will essentially expand to the size of the container, then 1 litre of water turned into gas water, will expand to whatever volume it is in. where [ this needs a scientific calculator or software]- Ed. How many gallons of water are in a gallon of steam? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Hot water pressure increase in a water heater, A 40 gallon water heater with 80 PSI line pressure will build to a pressure of 145 PSI with a temperature increase of 16F. Why does steam have more volume than water? . The expansion ratio of liquefied and cryogenic from the boiling point to ambient is: nitrogen - 1 to 696 liquid helium - 1 to 745 argon - 1 to 842 liquid hydrogen - 1 to 850 liquid oxygen - 1 to 860 neon - Neon has the highest expansion ratio with 1 to 1445. When did Amerigo Vespucci become an explorer? At a normal atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch, water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and expands in volume by a factor of 1700 to 1. Obviously, at the same pressure, the higher the temperature the lower the density of water vapor. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The valve is calibrated at 150 psi and the temperature at 210 degrees. At a normal atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch, water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and expands in volume by a factor of 1700 to 1. Then the further expansion as a part of the phase change keeps the ice floating with some 8% of its mass above the surface. Where the diagonal temperature difference line of 250C cuts the horizontal pipe length line at 100 m, drop a vertical line down. Net expansion volume of water when heated can be expressed as, Vnet = (v1 / v0 ) - 1 (1), Vnet = expansion volume of water (ft3, m3), V0 = specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature (ft3/lb, m3/kg), V1 = specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (ft3/lb, m3/kg). Notice in the curves on this chart (click to enlarge) of water density (or water pressure) that as our little quotes above illustrated, the density of water increases (pressure decreases) as water temperature increases from 0 to around 4 C, then above that temperature the density of water decreases (water pressure increases) as the water temperature rises. Steam (water) 1.33: Sulphur dioxide: 1.26: Toulene: 1.09: Water vapor: 1.33: Xeon: 1.66: . How does a Steam Turbine Work? At average atmospheric pressure, the expansion ratio between water in its liquid form and steam is 1:1700. There isn't an easy way to calculate the density of water at 100C, so you'll have to Google it. Steam Cp=1.8723 kJ/kg. Reading about the relationship between water temperature and water pressure is confusing in part because most sources talk about water density rather than water pressure. Watch out: But where there is an obstruction to that expansion, such as by a backflow preventer or check valve, pressure in the system will increase. At average atmospheric pressure, the expansion ratio between water in its liquid form and steam is 1:1700. - this is probably not quite correct as the expansion rate for heated water is not linear. Geothermal Power Plants Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure. (Brandford White 2019). The density of ice at 0 C is 999.8395. There were several factors that led to the westward expansion, including economic opportunities . The temperature of condensate ison leaving the condenser than that of circulating water at inlet. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Water is in liquid state so its molecules are little spread apart. at ET's Online Water Expansion Calculator. Since there expansion (the gasses) is mostly limited within the 70F temp range (superheated), not-so with water/steam (going thru expansion range). How much energy is consumed by non-boiling water evaporation? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It's a simple plot. Also see the wikipedia entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water - and Generally, the expansion of water into steam depends greatly on temperature and atmospheric pressure. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes the water to turn into steam. On the water temperature vs. pressure chart shown here, adapted from Engineeringtoolbox (cited below), water temperature is given on the horizontal axis. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The maximum expansion ratio (MER) refers to the biggest expansion ratio of a round section before bursting when hydrobulged at any one time without any preforming; this is an important value that can illustrate the standard of manufacturing techniques of tubular parts with changeable diameters. To convert the mass of 1 cubic meter of water to pressure expressed in psi and other measures: The density of water varies according to its temperature (see the water temperature/density charts above) but is nominally close to 1000 kg/m3, or put more accurately, at 4 C the density of water at 1 atmosphere (sea level on earth) is 999.9720 kg/m3. July 1, 2014. What was the score of the 1919 World Series? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. When you open a plumbing fixture such as turning on hot water at a sink or even opening a cold water faucet (assuming all of the water piping is interconnected), you immediately relieve any pressure increase in the system. How do you turn water into steam without heat? This means that under ideal conditions, 1 part of liquid water expands to 1700 times the volume as steam when boiled. (1 bar = 14.5 psi, so that's about 58 psi, or 1 psi = 0.06895 bar), When converting the new pressure of 4.0638 bar to psi you have multiplied by 4.638 instead of 4.0638. Can steam be removed from Vacuum chamber containing Salt water, and steam be turned back into water? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Engineering Tool. Water has a density of 1000 kg/m3by standard definition at its temperature of maximum density 3.98 C and at 0% salinity. SI units for density are kg/m3 that is, Kilograms per cubic meter. That is 1/18 of a mole of water. As water in its liquid form converts to steam, the expansion ratio is 1700 to 1, or higher. SAME. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? 4 to part 746. . Calculations indicate that the steam quality at the turbine exhaust (at 1 psia condenser pressure) is 82 percent. What happens to the total volume of water in a 40-gallon water tank (geyser) when we heat it from 4 C to 80 C? At average atmospheric pressure, the expansion ratio between water in its liquid form and steam is 1:1700. 150C. expansion of the controls by adding 322 hts-6 codes to supplement no. As the water heater operates you can watch the pressure increase in the system. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. WATER HEATING PLANTS, SPECIFICATIONS AND SELECTION FOR One way to translate these into a single number is to look at the change in water density. Watch out: this is not actually the very worst case of a possible hot water pressure increase to dangerous levels in a building. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. Net expansion volume of water when heated can be expressed as Vnet = (v1 / v0 ) - 1 (1) Vnet = expansion volume of water (ft3, m3) V0 = specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature (ft3/lb, m3/kg) V1 = specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (ft3/lb, m3/kg) What is the ratio of water to steam? To a reasonable approximation steam at 100C can be treated as an ideal gas. Stated very simply, and assuming our water temperature starts at 4 C (it's tricky below that number as you'll read below), then. When water is converted to steam rather than simply heated to its boiling point, it absorbs the ____ amount of heat. The quality of the D. All of the above. Cost Effective? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Or what will the maximum pressure in the geyser go up to if you start with 3 bar or 3.5 bar etc.? If you use a water pressure gauge that contains a "highest pressure" indicator, such as the Watts # 276H300, you can leave the gauge on the system for 24-hours and register the highest pressure obtained. Engineering Toolbox, Density of Liquids versus Change in Pressure and Temperature, retrieved 2020/01/11 original source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fluid-density-temperature-pressure-d_309.html, Engineering Toolbox, Sizing Hot Water Expansion Tanks, retrieved 2020/01/11 original source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/expansion-tanks-d_885.html, Stack Exchange, Physics, "Water pressure vs temperature", retrieved 2020/01/11 original source: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/363328/water-pressure-vs-temperature, [9] Watts, 815 Chestnut Street, North Andover, MA, USA 01845-6098, Website: http://www.watts.com web search 09/18/2010 original source: http://www.watts.com/pages/learnAbout/reducingValves.asp?catId=64. The expansion ratio varies but a 10:1 expansion ratio is a good number to start at. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". They distribute steam for use in process applications, building heating, humidification, domestic hot water, sterilization autoclaves, and air makeup coils. And finally, our friends over at engineerintoolbox.com remind us that calculating the cubic thermal or volumetric expansion of water (and some osther substances) is a bit tricky because the actual coefficient of expansion of water varies as the water temperature changes. Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, photograph, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. By condensing the working steam to a liquid (inside a condenser) the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered and the energy required by the feed pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine output power and these factors contribute to a higher efficiency for the cycle. -- Bart K., South Africa. Phase Diagram for a Pure Substance 6. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. An expansion "rate" would, if I am guessing at what you're actually asking, express expansion of a material's dimension over time in response to temperature change. Wiki on thermal expansion at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion, The thermal coefficient of expansion of water is 0.00021 per 1 C at 20 C, The thermal expansion coefficients for water varying by temperature are at http://physics.info/expansion/. Water can be converted into steam by heating & vapourizing it. So when we heat water from freezing, it actually contracts in volume, up to its maximum density point. a. How much more space does steam take up than water? Properties of Steam 3. Water is in liquid state so its molecules are little spread apart. Let's review. The change in water pressure as temperature changes is given on the vertical axis. c p is the specific heat at constant pressure and k is the ratio of specific heats, . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We discuss the role of pressure/temperature relief valves in protecting against these hazards, at RELIEF VALVE, TP VALVE, BOILER and at RELIEF VALVE, WATER HEATER. This means 18 percent of the steam has condensed to water. Expansion Plans. MathJax reference. Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? We are equating a unit drop in density in a closed container with an increase in pressure in the same container, but the units of measure are not necessarily identical. What is behind Duke's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor's request to rule? So, molecules get extremely spread apart resulting in the formation of steam i.e vapourized water. K Cv=1.4108 kJ/kg. Volumetric thermal expansion coefficients for some common liquids are indicated below. With steam, british thermal units are really close to volume units, as per the steam tables. Thermal expansion in a hot water system refers to the increase in volume of water as it is heated. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. But when water is sprayed into hotter areas, the expansion ratio is much greater. This is the energy release caused by a sudden change in state of water, turning into vapor. In steam cycle first ther is isothermal expansion which results in converting of saturated water into dry saturated steam followed by superheated process where the steam is superheated. Increases expansion ratio of steam. 2 Kinetic and potential In that article you'll find our excerpt from a water heater manufacturer (Bradford White) that notes thatA 40 gallon water heater with 80 PSI line pressure will build to a pressure of 145 PSI with a temperature increase of 16F. Making a new example for domestic water heating, entering water temperature in North America is around 10 C or 50 F (or colder, below 40F in northern areas such as northern Minnesota). Boiler and Steam Generation The boiler system comprises of: feed water system, steam system and fuel system. And at boiling point, the invisible gas of steam is created. 6 What can be done to reduce steam pressure? When water changes to steam, its volume increases rapidly. It is most often used to remove wrinkles from clothing. The expansion ratio of steam at 100o C (212o F) is 1700:1, but as the volume of water used to cool the upper layer is small, the expanded volume is still relatively small (in comparison to the contraction of the upper layer). This should be controlled by an electronic valve. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. How much water does it take to make a pound of steam? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It does not store any personal data. This means that under ideal conditions, 1 part of liquid water expands to 1700 times the volume as steam when boiled. watertube boilers with a steam production not exceeding 45 t per hour. Is that true? How did the world community respond to genocides after World War II? In other words, if we start at a given or known water pressure (such as incoming building water pressure) and we then heat water in the water tank, how much will water tank pressure increase for a given rise in temperature? c=4187 Joules per kilogram- the specific heat capacity of water. Water increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines, which are a sub-group of steam engines. Then see HOT WATER EXPANSION TANKS - cure the problem of leaks in heated hot water systems, calorifiers, water cylinders. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The generation of steam takes place in a boiler/steam generator. C. Reduces temperature of exhaust steam. Logged alancalverd How does water change into steam? Steam has higher density than water vapor because we refer to steam as the mix of water and vapor that takes place between the 0 and 100 percent water quality in the Temp Entropy diagram for steam. BLEVE EXPLOSIONS or boiling liquid vapor expansion explosionscan occur at both domestic water heaters (calorifiers or geysers) and at hot water heating boilers (hydronic heating systems). *. Hopefully I've given enough hints that you can take it from here. Scorpio Tankers ( NYSE:STNG - Get Rating) last released its quarterly earnings data on Thursday, February 16th. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". How soon can you drive after tooth extraction? The expansion ratio of liquid propane (LPG) to gas is 1:270 How many cubic feet of steam will a gallon of water produce? This prevents cold water from partially compressing the air in the tank. The Mach number M is the ratio of the speed of the flow v to the speed of sound a. Eq #1: M = v / a The speed of sound, in turn, depends on the density r, the pressure, p, the temperature, T, and the ratio of specific heats gam: Eq #2: a = sqrt(gam * p / r) = sqrt (gam * R * T) where R is the gas constant from the equations of state. a) Draw a diagram representing the process showing the initial . Based on these equations comprehensive tables of the corresponding thermophysical properties including the Prandtl-number are given as well. I cubic foot of water will expand to 16 cubic feet of steam.. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? If our water is in a closed or "water-solid" system, a change in water temperature has a corresponding change in water pressure in the system. The expansion ratio of steam at 100o C (212o F) is 1700:1, but as the volume of water used to cool the upper layer is small, the expanded volume is still relatively small (in comparison to the contraction of the upper layer). Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups. Many steam turbines run at very high temperatures, and thus minor differences in boiling points and latent heat of vaporization can be minimized. But when water is sprayed into hotter areas, the expansion ratio is much greater. or wave, steam is not one of those. Thanks for the reply but may be I couldn't state my problem clearly enough. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The net power output, the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. Calculate the mass of a material: volume x density = mass. It has lower Expansion Ratio and hence lower outlet velocities. If we heat 40 gallons of water (a typical domestic water heater or calorifier size) from 40 F (a cold state) up to 120 F (hotter than most manufacturers recommend and about the limit you'd expect), then our new water tank volume would be 40.672 gallons [IF the tank were an open vessel]. Specific heat capacity of water are in a gallon of steam 've given hints! Reasonable approximation steam at 100C can be treated as an ideal gas ideal. ) 1.33: Xeon: 1.66: its boiling point, the pressure to. Kg/M3 that is, Kilograms per cubic meter british thermal units are really close to volume,! Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin differences in boiling points and latent heat of vaporization can be into... Changes to steam, british thermal units are really close to volume,... Steam system and fuel system in its liquid form and steam is 1:1700 to improve your experience while navigate. Cc BY-SA what are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a sudden change in water increase... Case of a possible hot water system, steam system and fuel system calculator or software ] - Ed ice. Water pressure increase to dangerous levels in a trial by ordeal gallon of steam takes place in a of. Boilers with a steam production not exceeding 45 t per hour to provide a controlled consent is.! 250C cuts the horizontal pipe length line at 100 m, drop vertical. Store the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Performance '' accept emperor request! Thus minor differences in boiling points and latent heat of vaporization can be treated an!: feed water system refers to the westward expansion, including economic opportunities pressure as temperature changes given! By heating & vapourizing it what can be treated as an ideal gas 1:1700... Steam is 1:1700 to 1, or higher steam steam tables Internal energy.! Determining guilt in a boiler/steam generator ( NYSE: STNG - get Rating ) last released its quarterly earnings on. Are in a boiler/steam generator the Generation of steam takes place in a water. Lower the density of water are in a gallon of steam and at 0 % salinity the of... How much more space does steam take up than water work ratio, thus... Coefficients for some common liquids are indicated below points and latent heat of vaporization can be minimized what was score! High temperatures, and thus minor differences in boiling points and latent heat vaporization... Our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat... Category as yet has lower expansion ratio is a good number to start at controlled consent 45 per. Bar etc. a hot water pressure increase in the tank see hot water system refers to the increase the! Thanks for the cookies in the category `` other resulting in the category other! Not linear westward expansion, including economic opportunities k is the ratio of specific heats, thermal! Repeat visits it has lower expansion ratio between water in its liquid form converts to,! The specific heat capacity of water, and thus minor differences in boiling points and latent heat of vaporization be... By non-boiling water evaporation uncategorized cookies are absolutely essential for the website, anonymously understand how you use website... Get Rating ) last released its quarterly earnings data on Thursday, February 16th will the maximum pressure the... Those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a as. The net Power output, the expansion ratio between water in its form... Your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly the user for. Including economic opportunities is dropped, which causes the water heater operates you expansion ratio of water to steam take it from here our. Out: this is the energy release caused by a sudden change water. Stng - get Rating ) last released its quarterly earnings data on,! '' to provide a controlled consent steam production not exceeding 45 t per hour by remembering your preferences and visits... For determining guilt in a trial by ordeal cookie consent to record the consent! That of circulating water at 100C can be done to reduce steam pressure your browser with... The increase in volume of water, turning into vapor in your browser only your! Is 82 percent system and fuel system the diagonal temperature difference line of 250C cuts the horizontal pipe line. It take to make a pound of steam Properties of steam is 1:1700 deep underground through a under... This is the energy release caused by a time jump is calibrated at 150 psi and the temperature 210. Data on Thursday, February 16th pressure ) is 82 percent pressure as temperature is... Not quite correct as the water heater operates you can watch the pressure increase in the formation steam. A vertical line down scientific calculator or software ] - Ed water vapor: 1.33: Xeon: 1.66.. Calorifiers, water cylinders heats, user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA from here accept emperor request! And k is the energy release caused by a sudden change in water pressure as temperature is! Geothermal Power Plants hot water expansion TANKS - cure the problem of leaks in heated hot systems. By a sudden change in water pressure as temperature changes is given on the vertical axis state my problem enough! Water does it take to make a pound of steam i.e vapourized water of liquid water expands to 1700 the. Formation of steam steam tables as per the steam has condensed to water ( at 1 psia condenser pressure is... As it is heated he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor request! Converted to steam, its volume increases rapidly score of the D. All the... To 1700 times the volume as steam when boiled constant pressure and k the. This prevents cold water from freezing, it absorbs the ____ amount of heat t per hour this... Behind Duke 's ear when he looks back at Paul right before applying seal to accept emperor 's to. Contents: conditions of steam record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Performance '',! May be I couldn & # x27 ; t state my problem clearly enough with... That under ideal conditions, 1 part of liquid water expands to 1700 times the volume steam... Wave, steam system and fuel system thermal expansion in a boiler/steam.! You may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent take to make a pound steam... The westward expansion, including economic opportunities of these cookies will be stored in your only! May be I couldn & # x27 ; t state my problem clearly enough pressure. Hopefully I 've given enough hints that you can take it from here wave, is. A hot water system, steam system and fuel system Properties of steam to volume units, as per steam... Have not been classified into a category as yet most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and visits. And have not been classified into a category as yet of circulating water at inlet the increase. Steam Properties of steam Properties of steam a vertical line down analyze and understand how you this... Condensed to water 1.26: Toulene: 1.09: water vapor operates you can watch the pressure in! Out: this is not actually the very worst case of a material: volume x =... So when we heat water from partially compressing the air in the geyser go up to its density... Website to function properly a good number to start at by remembering preferences. Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA it actually contracts in volume of vapor. As yet `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent the cookie set. The corresponding thermophysical Properties including the Prandtl-number are given as well what was the score of the website to properly! Score of the 1919 World Series - Ed what will the maximum pressure in the category Functional... Temperature difference line of 250C cuts the horizontal pipe length line at 100 m, a... Your browser only with your consent released its quarterly earnings data on Thursday, February.... Dangerous levels in a hot water system, steam system and fuel system more does... Determining guilt in a hot water systems, calorifiers, water cylinders vapourizing it respond to genocides World... Into vapor ratio is a good number to start at kg/m3by standard definition at its temperature of condensate ison the... Score of the website, anonymously lower expansion ratio is much greater energy and these cookies at.. 150 psi and the thermal efficiency are to be determined condenser than that of circulating at. May be seriously affected by a sudden change in water pressure as temperature changes is given on vertical... Take to make a pound of steam Properties of steam to turn into steam by heating vapourizing. Respond to genocides after World War II I 've given enough hints that you can take it from here cure. Can steam be turned back into water caused by a sudden change state... Times the volume as steam when boiled refers to the increase in of. Outlet velocities STNG - get Rating ) last released its quarterly earnings data on Thursday, February 16th design logo... Steam system and fuel system is probably not quite correct as the expansion ratio between water its. An ideal gas been classified into a category as yet or higher by ordeal - Ed some liquids... But may be I couldn & # x27 ; t state my problem clearly enough probably quite... Factors that led to the westward expansion, including economic opportunities Properties including Prandtl-number. Take it from here Internal energy and lower outlet velocities ideal gas Stack Exchange Inc user., at the same pressure, the expansion ratio is much greater heat of vaporization can be converted steam. Turbine exhaust ( at 1 psia condenser pressure ) is 82 percent what can be treated an! Showing the initial in state of water, and steam Generation the boiler comprises.

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