how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

2015. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. His work would bring him a gold star in lieu of a second Distinguished Service Medal. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. ThoughtCo. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Advertisement Still have questions? Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. The battle commenced on the morning of June4; the first several waves of U.S. attack aircraft were badly beaten, both near Midway and at sea around the Japanese task force. A. Desegregation of Society Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. serious damage on the islands installations. My mind is blank. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory, The Brown case began what trend in American These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. He never smoked and drank little. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. Flagship of Kakuta. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. He never did things the same way twice. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. For exceptionally meritorious service During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality., (Citation on Rear Admiral Spruances Navy Distinguished Service Medal, awarded for his conduct at the Battle of Midway). After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. However, an invasion was rendered unnecessary when the atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. The score was 402 Japanese planes and six ships, with a loss of 122 planes from Mitschers flattops. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. My personal congratulations. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. He was survived by his wife and a daughter, Mrs. Gerald S. Bogart of Newport, R.I. His only son, Navy Captain Edward D. Spruance, who served for 30 years, was killed in a car accident in Marin County, Calif., in May 1969. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. About us| The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. Hickman, Kennedy. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. . At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. He shifted his flag to the old battleship USSNew Mexico of the shore bombardment force after Indianapolis was struck by a Kamikaze off Okinawa. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. 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