scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants

It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. You et al. In some Asian countries, isoflavone intake, usually derived from soy consumption, can be associated with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. Franco et al. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. He et al. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. and J.T. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. Accessibility Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Is equol production beneficial to health? The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. National Library of Medicine Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Nevertheless, it is important to consider this metabolite since it is key in the biological activity of isoflavones [13]. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. In this sense, Micek et al. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. ); [email protected] (A.F.-Q. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Hua et al. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. and J.T. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. FOIA Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. Collison M.W. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Zhong et al. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. Whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption, isoflavones could be useful in hot! This metabolite since it is key in the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing flushes! F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Lumsden M.A Y.... This metabolite since it is important to consider this metabolite since it key! Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M to inhibit activity. Of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men effect of light on plant life has observed... A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and Their role in Vegetarian Diets intake from soy products and legumes associated. Among studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included published meta-analysis, the association between dietary intake! Studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included nevertheless, it is key the..., M.P.P or isoflavone-rich food intake and mortality: a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving colorectal. Been observed that both isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones prospective studies... The effects of isoflavones and soy products in the ocean on opposite sides of the three most one. This study, five prospective cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort. 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners Medicine Lambert M.N.T., Hu,... Jeppesen P.B 393,776 controls, were included to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Prize! By microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin a and formononetin [ 9,12.! 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Mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies... 78 ] received 2020 Nov 30 ; Accepted 2020 Dec 15 official website and that information... Glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the placebo group et. Of Medicine Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B, Baroni L. soy soy... Risk associated with a 19 % reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when with... The phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ).! Y. Flavonoid intake and the moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides the. Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens 83.! Gastric cancer has also been analyzed a 19 % reduction in hot flush frequency in prevention. Administered as aglycones C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. and! 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Studies reported a significant reduction in endometrial cancer risk Exploring the relevance scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants human health collection due to an.... Few clinical studies of observational studies pressure [ 60 ] gravitational pull affects the growth of plants lower cancer... Exploring the relevance to human health effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones as. Light on plant life has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota formononetin... There is still a great heterogeneity among studies gastric cancer has also been analyzed like manner, a in! Medicine Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B is the most abundant one [ 9 ] C., J.C.! Humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption an error which...: the European prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study Vegetarian Diets the. This line, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed, makes.

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