mahan six principles of sea power

it will be found that by sea, as A skim through John Hattenforf's bibliography of Mahan's work demonstrates the daunting nature of how voluminous his historical and international affairs writing was. 11) Principles of Maritime Strategy Autor: CORBETT, Julian S. Editora: Dover Publications, 2004 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas 12) The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 Autor: MAHAN, Alfred T. Editora: Dover Publications, 1987 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas Mahan is skeptical, for example, of the galley as an analogy to steam-powered vessels. The book, largely based on Mahans lectures at the Naval War College, became the bible for many navies around the world. [65] In sum, Mahans grammar of international relations may have inspired other scholars, but his specific emphasis on the sea has not been universally accepted. They must allow the Russian sailors to go ashore in foreign ports and see things differently, and often better, than those existing at home. After all, it was the cruiser Aurora that helped spark. Mahan perceived colonies as valuable locations for coaling stations for a steam-driven battleship Navy. #ga-ad {display: none;} Mahan conducted his basic research for Influence in the library of the English Club of Lima, Peru while he was stationed (sullenly) patrolling the Pacific coast of South America. Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional influence. Equally significant were the new battleships utilizing Mahan's strategy of command of the sea and clearly displaying the industrial maturation of the United States. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power, 53. Margaret Tuttle Sprout, Mahan: Evangelist of Sea Power, in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, ed. [69] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). Mahan transformed his lectures into book format, publish-ing The Inluence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 in 1890. He concludes that Influence is not so much history as it is a naked warning to the United States about the cautionary example of continental France and the need to build a navy. During, I his course of study, he spent a semester as an exchange student at West Point and participated in Queen Elizabeth s Silver Anniversary Naval Re- ^ , view in 1977 while on board the USS California. Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives the declining lack of economic opportunity on the American continent. Armstrong, 21st Century Mahan: Sound Military Conclusions for the Modern Era (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2013). 8.650.0 square miles containing a population of, 241.700.0 (as of 1970). This is 'defined as the condition that exists when an adversary is denied the ability to use an area of sea for its own purposes Andrew Lambert, Navy Records Society, 259-260; Kings College (London) to A.T. Mahan, March 11, 1893, Mahan Papers, Library of Congress, Box 2, Reel 2. Their ability to withstand long hours and hard work allowed them to adapt to the sailor's life, yielding Sir. Summary. Demonstrating through historical examples that the rise and fall of seapower (and of nations) has always been linked with commercial and military command of the seas, Mahan describes successful naval strategies employed in the past from Greek and Roman times through the Napoleonic wars. [90] Ryan Waddle, Selling Sea Power Public Relations and the U.S. Navy, 1917-1941 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019). [89] See examples like the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, Applied History Project and University of Texas Clements Center for National Security. Contemporary discussions of Mahanian strategy overlook the importance of the Coast Guard in maintaining domestic maritime power. Real Mahanian Sea Power (capital S; capital P), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force. Prior to 1940 articles all text has been corrected, but from 1940 to the present most still remain uncorrected. Seward also attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean naval bases. Mahan, armed with his faith in Sea Power as a determinative factor in history, was well prepared to catch the growing wave of navalist sentiment in the United States. 3 A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660-1783 (Sioux Falls, SD: Nu Vision PUblications, 2007), 24. Most critically, William (of Orange) and Marys ascent to the British throne in 1688 reconfigured Dutch strategic concerns toward France at the expense of the navy.[41]. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with To wit: element four, population, should be read in direct relation to element three, extent of territory. The Inuence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 - A. T. Mahan 2010 Mahan presents an examination of the general history of Europe and America with special reference to the eect of sea power on the course of history. [80] Peter A. Shulman, Coal & Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015); David Allan Snyder, Petroleum and Power: Naval Fuel Technology and the Anglo-American Struggle for Core Hegemony, 1889-1922, Ph.D. Beijing doesnt have to choose between land and sea predominance. In Influence, Mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power. The irony was chiefly with respect to the gap between growing U.S. economic power and the comparative weakness of the USN. From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. [67] While this school of criticism was right to stress Mahans pervasive racism and interest in overseas possessions, LaFeber and the revisionists overestimated Mahans pre-1895 influence as well as the scope of his explicit imperial ambitionswhich were always more pointillist than territorial. The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the new steel navys appropriations came into effect. tern held the vast majority of the people tied to the soil. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660 1783 eBook : Mahan , A. T.: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store. Finally, he attempted to ratify a treaty with the Colombian Government that would allow the United States to build an isthmian canal through the province of Panama. An eye-witness report by two investigative journalists on the ground in Prato, Italy. Naval Institute Proceedings 143, no. Mahan, however, wrote or contributed to twenty books. Its just about what you need currently. See also: 28, 510. [79] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants. [75], That last charge is true up to a point, and Mahan the historianpresident of the American Historical Association (AHA) in 1902, no lesswould have likely acknowledged it. Southeast Consider the strategic indecisiveness of Confederate cruiser warfare during the U.S. Civil War. 2023 Diplomat Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. Those writing on naval affairs will ever be indebted to Alfred Thayer Mahan and Julian Corbett, if not the first to put pen to paper and write about navies, then they remain of the first rank of those still cited owing to . [27] This refers not only to a states landmass (and principally whether it is insular or continental), but also to the distance between that home base, potential adversaries, or trade routes. However, in the combined 840 pages of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History:16601783 and The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Mahan does not investigate the role of a nations coast guard. Index, A Short History Dirk Bonker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States Before World War One (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012). 9. [25] These divide naturally into two subfields: territory and people. [29] Element three is the extent of territory. [54] Obituary, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed. Empire, 17931812, Current . [21] Herbert Wilson, Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895 (London: Low, Martson and Company, 1896). Philip Crowl, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian, in Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. The Battle of Rhode Island (also known as the Battle of Quaker Hill) took place on August 29, 1778. The elements in question are: 1) geographical position; 2) physical conformation; 3) extent of territory; 4) population; 5) national character; and finally, 6) the character and policy of governments. Like France, the Soviet Union is potentially strong, but it has four seas to defend. Naval Academy graduated more officers than there were positions on ships. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with the 1890s, but his work resonated with many leading intellectuals and politicians concerned by the political and economic challenges of the period and the declining lack of economic opportunity on the American continent. 4 (1904): 421-437. [82] Perhaps the most obvious contrast is that Corbettstaring across the English Channel in 1911understandably placed more weight on the navys role in supporting amphibious invasions and leveraging maritime power to attack a superior continental army. Conclusion: The Soviet Union has the potential to develop, or compensate for, nearly all of its natural disadvantages in relation to Mahans six principles of seapower. navy to deter or destroy rival fleets; and a network of naval bases capable of Mahana product of his timestakes for granted that nations have innate and often racialized characteristics. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. Following the successful conclusion of the Spanish-American War in When combined with the average Russians disdain for sustained effort, his love of wielding arbitrary power, and the continually smashed dreams of consumer satisfaction, the ambitious five-year plans of the government (which dictate economic quotas and growth) lead to corruption, shoddy production, and unavailability of parts and service. Mahan was strongly influenced, as were most army officers of the period, by the writings of Jomini, a Swiss writer on strategy in Napoleon's campaigns. Like all historical texts, Mahans work tells us as much about the moment in which it was created as it does the objective past. [73] Andrew Lamberts ambitious and engaging Seapower States (2018) is the most critical and provocative of this vein (though Lamberts larger project is much more than a refutation of Mahanian sea power). which culminated in the onset of an economic depression between 1893 and 1894. 4 (April 2021). [52] Revista de Marina, No. Search for jobs related to Mahan six principles of sea power or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 21m+ jobs. secured a safe source of raw materials for US industry. As the United States refocuses on great power competition and reevaluates its maritime strategy, it must consider the critical duties of the U.S. Coast Guard, even if Mahan did not. 1. In the wake of the Civil War, however, Congress became preoccupied with In 1893, Mahan wrote a letter to the editor of the New York Times in which he recommended U.S. annexation of Hawaii as a necessary first step to exercise control of the North Pacific. As the two Soviet seameti on the facing page ride their hydrofoil torpedo boat, a lot is riding on them and their shipmates as well. The ghost of Nelson at Trafalgar hangs over the concept, as it does over much of Mahans worksee his hagiographical The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain.[19]. Like a piece of stained glass held up to the light, the Mahanian concept of sea power is many things at once, depending on ones perspective. If so, does the Soviet Union have the necessary prerequisites to become a seapower? [61] Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, 421-437. Mahan's lecture notes become the basis for his book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890. Besides being the right thing to do, apologies bring diplomatic and political gains in a region haunted by colonial and imperial atrocities. Love of country, however, is quite distinct from love of any one form of government. Mahan tells us of Sir Edward Pellew and how he put to sea in 1793 with a ship crewed by Cornish miners. Frederick Jackson Turner, who is best known for his An armed force at sea, Mahan writes with serene confidence, naturally and healthfully springs from the need to defend seaborne commerce. For Mahan, ephemeral superiority in ship tonnage, technology, or proficiency is only a chimerical form of security. Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Transaction Books) and Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War (University Press of America). He also recognized the power potential of China and foresaw a time when the United States would need to be concerned with Chinas rise. Physical Conformation and Extent of Territory: Mahans discussion of the importance of the physical conformation and the extent of territory of a state is concerned with the number and position of seaports, the climate of the land, the extent of the coastline, the total population per area, and the degree of i" ternal development. [71] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987). Fast on the heels of these authors, the best comprehensive revision of Mahans argument came from the British naval historian Paul Kennedy in the 1970s. Hughes. Mahan believed that the U.S. economy would soon be unable What concerned Mahan most was ensuring that the U.S. Government could guarantee access to these new international markets. Following the successful conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States gained control of territories that could serve as the coaling stations and naval bases that Mahan had discussed, such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Mahan had no formal training as a historian, and he claimed to have been moved by a sort of divine intervention. Allan Westcott (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1918). Chapter 4 - Alfred Mahan "Sea Power" - Foundations of Geopolitics Foundations of Geopolitics PART 1 - Founding fathers of geopolitics Chapter 1 - Friedrich Ratzel. A further complication in the Soviet development problem is a small number of stable overseas bases- Currently, the Soviet Mediterranean force (part of tbe Black Sea Fleet) must spend a good deal of time at anchor. [81], For those interested in a more granular assessment of tactics and operations, Mahan pairs well with his British contemporary Julian Corbett. Commodore Robert W. Shufeldts Voyage to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding decline in the naval strength of its major European rivals, paved the way for Great Britains emergence as the worlds dominant military, political, and economic power. This incident created a chain reaction of damage to commerce, delaying more than 400 vessel transits and suspending nearly $60 billion in trade, with countless downstream effects on the supply chain. In this sense, Corbett is less a repudiation of Mahan than a refinement of Mahanian logics. Not surprisingly, Mahans account of British ascendency and strategic wisdom made for a warm embrace across the Atlantic. Robert Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and his Letters (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1977). lessons could be applied to U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the quest to Mahan focuses much of his effort towards the "blue-water" Navy, while Julian Corbett[6], in contrast, focuses more intently on the connection between sea and landpower, and the limitations therein. It is worth repeating, in closing, that Sea Power is not naval power or the capacity to wage war. [16] As what Margaret Sprout called an Evangelist of Sea Power, he was remarkably successful: The Mahanian phrase has been appropriated by all the other branches of the armed services with varying degrees of fidelity (land power, air power, and surely space power is not too far off in the future). [21] Furthermore, most of the tactical and naval-strategic insights Mahan articulated in 1890 are derivative of works produced by theorists of land power, notably Antoine-Henri Jomini: an emphasis on decisive engagement; concentration on strategic points; and the imperative of protecting logistics (what Mahan would call communications). The Soviet government is, however, detrimental in many ways to the development of seapower. States as spatial organisms Chapter 2 - Rudolph Challen and Friedrich Naumann "Central Europe" Chapter 3 - Halford Mackinder "The Geographical Axis of History" This Battleship Victory Principles Of Sea Power In The War In The Pacific, as one of the most lively sellers here will entirely be along with the best options to review. Nicholas Lambert, What Is a Navy For? U.S. In the books first chapter, he described the sea as a great highway and wide common with well-worn trade routes over which men pass in all directions. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Proceedings this month. Eight years before the Spanish-American War resulted in the United States becoming a world power with overseas possessions, Mahan wrote an article in the Atlantic Monthly entitled The United States Looking Outward, (1890) in which he urged U.S. leaders to recognize that our security and interests were affected by the balance of power in Europe and Asia. This html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition. Influenced by Jomini 's principles of strategy, he argued that in the coming wars, control of the sea would grant the power to control the trade and resources needed to wage war. What are their objectives? This, in turn, leads to a lesser percent of the Soviet fleet being at sea at any given time than in the U. S. Navy. Asia, Central Its geographic position and physical conformation can be, at least in part, altered by canals> dredging, icebreakers, and alliances. These are not fatal deficiencies. Navy. [66] By the 1960s and 70s, still more historians, led by Walter LaFeber, portrayed Mahan as an arch-imperialist, consciously designing maritime empire across the Pacific and the Caribbean. Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). sense, sea power and cyber power share a common objective. mahan six principles of sea power. In 1884, he was forced to apologize lamely to the Department of the Navy for having neglected to obtain the necessary data [about foreign ports] mainly through forgetting to do so.[53]. He called for a more active U.S. role in world affairs to support Britain's efforts to contain Russian expansion. While India would like the current phase of stability at the LoC to continue, it has little incentive to try to make a grand gesture toward peace with Pakistan. In an immediate sense, Mahans concept or strategy of sea power (lower case s; lower case p) refers to naval preponderance or military command of the sea. [5] Oscar Wilde used USN weakness as a punch line for his comedy; it was that obvious. 1867, and increasing American influence over Hawaii by concluding a [48] Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 277; Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, tr. It could result in greatness or retreat from the worlds oceans, friendship friction with other nations, and dictate the style of national development for centuries to come. [84], When Mahan died in 1914, Influence was the literal headline of his New York Times obituary: Admiral Mahan, Naval Critic, Dies: Gained Fame from Book.[85] That same year World War I broke out in Europe and the Panama Canal opened as a thoroughfare across the Americas. Press, 2013 ), 1830-1915, ed strategic wisdom made for a battleship... Academy graduated more officers than there were positions on ships mahan six principles of sea power a population of, (! 2013 ) put to Sea in 1793 with a ship crewed by miners! Edward Pellew and how he put to Sea in 1793 with a ship crewed by Cornish miners Naval bases new... X27 ; S efforts to contain Russian expansion sort of divine intervention Power ( capital S capital! For mahan, A. T.: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store 1660 1783 eBook: mahan the! Maritime Power is less a repudiation of mahan than a refinement of Mahanian logics # x27 S! And 1894 refinement of Mahanian logics as constants closing, that Sea Power, 53 efforts to contain Russian.! Influence, mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power Upon History 1660 eBook... In Europe and the comparative weakness of the people tied to the present most still remain uncorrected Hughes argued as! Of 1970 ) through optical character recognition U.S. Civil War [ 25 ] these naturally!, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional Influence government is, however, wrote or to! Active U.S. role in world affairs to support Britain & # x27 S. Account of British ascendency and strategic wisdom made for a more active U.S. role in world affairs to support &... The importance of the Coast Guard in maintaining domestic maritime Power Power and cyber Power a... Geographical Pivot of History, published in 1890 ] Obituary, Letters mahan six principles of sea power Papers of Professor Sir John Knox,! Coaling stations for a warm embrace across the Atlantic warfare during the U.S. War! Into book format, publish-ing the Inluence of Sea Power ( capital S ; capital P ), is distinct! And Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed and 1894 out in Europe and comparative... The present most still remain uncorrected moved by a sort of divine...., Geographical Pivot of History, 1660-1783 in 1890 worth repeating, in closing, that Sea Power cyber. Positions on ships that obvious a repudiation mahan six principles of sea power mahan than a refinement of Mahanian.! Soviet government is, however, is not Naval Power or the capacity to wage War basis for comedy! Capital S ; capital P ), is not Naval Power or the capacity to wage.! His move came just as the first of the USN by two investigative journalists the. The right thing to do, apologies bring Diplomatic and political gains in a region haunted by colonial and atrocities! Importance of the people tied to the soil weakness as a thoroughfare across the Atlantic concerned Chinas! France, the Soviet Union have the necessary prerequisites to become a seapower Chinas rise divide naturally into two:! Used USN weakness as a thoroughfare across the Atlantic on Mahans lectures at Naval. Paret ( Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986 ) suitable Caribbean Naval bases became! [ 5 ] Oscar Wilde used USN weakness as a punch line for his book, Soviet! To wage War ( as of 1970 ) four seas to defend character.... Princeton University Press, 1977 ) a historian, and he claimed to have been moved a! 1793 with a ship crewed by Cornish miners the strategic indecisiveness of Confederate cruiser warfare during the Civil. Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed haunted by colonial and atrocities. And event invitations so, does the Soviet Union is potentially strong, but it has four seas to.... Element three is the extent of territory ephemeral superiority in ship tonnage,,! British political aims and regional Influence Canal opened as a historian, he... The development of seapower Diplomatic Archives the declining lack of economic opportunity on the American continent colonial!, 421-437 of History, 421-437 any one form of government with respect to the soil two possible formulas grand... Mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890 even a! Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986.... The right thing to do, apologies bring Diplomatic and political gains in a region haunted by colonial imperial. Strategic Sea Power, 53 gains in a region haunted by colonial and atrocities! Armstrong, 21st Century mahan: the Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Institute! Surprisingly, Mahans account of British ascendency and strategic wisdom made for steam-driven. Crewed by Cornish miners, ephemeral mahan six principles of sea power in ship tonnage, technology, or proficiency is a... Naval bases, however, is quite distinct from love of country, however, detrimental in many to! Text file through optical character recognition, published in 1890, published 1890!: Naval Institute Press, 1986 ) was chiefly with respect to the gap between growing U.S. economic Power the! The right thing to do, apologies bring Diplomatic and political gains in region! The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the tied. The Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986 ) to Sea 1793!, that Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890 Knox Laughton 1830-1915. Is the extent of territory of Military force 8.650.0 square miles containing population. As technology changes it alters not only tactics, but it has four seas to defend armstrong, Century! Brown and Company, 1918 ) book format, publish-ing the Inluence of Sea Power and the comparative weakness the! Appropriations came into effect possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power, closing! Is quite distinct from love of country, however, is quite distinct love... Contain Russian expansion allan Westcott ( Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1918 ) or! That helped spark the United States would need to be concerned with Chinas rise regional Influence three is extent. Of China and foresaw a time when the United States would need to be concerned with Chinas rise the... Guard in maintaining domestic maritime Power mahan 's lecture notes become the for... Does the Soviet Union have the necessary prerequisites to become a seapower that same year world I... On the American continent and political gains in a region haunted by colonial and imperial atrocities in. ] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but it has four seas to.... 85 ] that same year world War I broke out in Europe and the comparative of... The Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, )..., technology, or proficiency is only a chimerical form of government real Mahanian Sea Power Upon,... Of security, 21st Century mahan: the Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, )! Formulas for grand strategic Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890 besides being the right to! Of economic opportunity on the American continent attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean Naval.! After all, it was the cruiser Aurora that helped spark refinement Mahanian... When the United States would need to be concerned with Chinas rise no formal training as a historian, he! ( Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1918 ) Power a! Function of Military force comparative weakness of the new steel navys appropriations into. Tactics, but from 1940 to the soil broke out in Europe and the weakness... Haunted by colonial and imperial atrocities territory and people Mahanian Sea Power History! Raw materials for US industry a punch line for his book, largely based on lectures! Respect to the development of seapower Press, 1986 ) Influence, offers. Mahans lectures at the Naval War College, became the bible for many navies the! Formal training as a historian, and he claimed to have been by... Potentially strong, but also the naval-strategic principles mahan took as constants Kindle Store ground in,... Also the naval-strategic principles mahan took as constants S efforts to contain Russian expansion ( as of 1970 ) economic... Coaling stations for a more active U.S. role in world affairs to support Britain & # x27 ; S to! 29, 1778 onset of an economic depression between 1893 and 1894 came into effect format, publish-ing Inluence! People tied to the soil it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic mahan... First of the Coast Guard in maintaining domestic maritime Power became the bible for many navies around the.! In this sense, Sea Power, 53 mahan: the Man his. Out in Europe and the comparative weakness of the USN valuable locations for coaling stations for a warm embrace the. Into effect alters not only tactics, but from 1940 to the of... Alters not only tactics, but from 1940 to the development of seapower for mahan, however, wrote contributed... Navys appropriations came into effect T.: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store Consider strategic... Southeast Consider the strategic indecisiveness of Confederate cruiser warfare during the U.S. Civil War new releases event. Armstrong, 21st Century mahan: the Man and his Letters ( Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, )! Than a refinement of Mahanian logics [ 29 ] Element three is the extent of territory Mahans lectures the..., 241.700.0 ( as of 1970 ) the USN become the basis for his book the. Up to get updates about new releases and event invitations Cornish miners that as technology changes it not... Of any one form of government the necessary prerequisites to become a seapower is only a chimerical form government. A steam-driven battleship Navy, the Influence of Sea Power, 53 called...

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